Reference for Teaching
Ⅰ.異域風(fēng)情
The African ancestors of today’s black Americans were brought to the US as slaves in the seventeenth,eighteenth,and nineteenth centuries.They worked on farms,especially the large farms in the southern states.Slowly they became a necessary part of the economic system of the South.
Slaves did not have the rights of people;according to the law,they were a “thing” which belonged to the person who bought them.They had to obey the orders of their owners without questions.They were not allowed to learn to read;their owners feared the educated slaves would begin to think about the injustice of the system and would learn to struggle for their freedom.Slaves had to work long hours in every unhealthy conditions.Their owners had complete power over them.They could be bought and sold like animals.At the slave markets,black children were separated from their parents and never allowed to see them again.Slave owners had the right to punish the slaves who broke the law or was against the system.Slaves were often beaten or even killed by their owners.After the Civil War,one free slave reported that his owner killed an older slave who was teaching him to read.In theory an owner who treated a slave badly could be punished.In practice,however,the law meant nothing.
Opposition to slavery began very early in the history of the US-in 1671-but little progress was made until the beginning of the nineteenth century.By 1804 slavery was illegal in the northern states.But it continued,and even grew,in the southern states,which depended on cotton for their economic wealth.Slavery ended in the South only after the Civil War.For blacks,however,the end of slavery was only a beginning,the late beginning of a long and difficult struggle for true justice.
Ⅱ.知識歸納
1.在英語中，do,have,make,take這四個動詞，加上名詞作賓語（名詞前可有形容詞）構(gòu)成詞組，可以表達(dá)許多不同含義，其意義相當(dāng)于在名詞前加上一個相關(guān)動詞，現(xiàn)分述如下：
(1)do+名詞
e.g.Mary has done (=has written) an article.
瑪麗寫了一篇文章。
He will do(=draw) a large portrain of Ren Changxia.
他要為任長霞畫一幅大畫像。
do computer study=study computer
do the room=clean the room
do the dishes=wash the dishes
do one’s hair=comb one’s hair
do one’s teeth=brush one’s teeth
do the fish=cook the fish
do the puzzle=work out the puzzle
do science=study science
do a comedy=act a comedy
do a concert=hear a concert
do the tower=visit the tower
do Japan=visit Japan
do 20 miles=travel 20 miles
do one’s guests well=serve one’s guests well
有時賓語也可用doing,并在doing前加some。
do some reading=read some books,read some pages
do some studying=study something
do some walking=walk for some time
還有do most of the talking,do some morning shopping等。
(2)have+名詞
e.g.We had a long talk(=talked for a long time) last Sunday.
上星期天我們進(jìn)行了一次長談。
They’re having a rest(=resting).
他們在休息。
此類結(jié)構(gòu)常見的還有：
have a chat,have a look at…,have a drink,have an interview,have a smoke,have a fight,have a bath,have a dream
名詞前可有修飾成分，如have no respect,have no wish,have some good laughs,have one more try等。
有時意義上等于在名詞前加上一個相關(guān)的動詞，如：
have a lesson (class)上一節(jié)課
have an X-ray進(jìn)行X光檢查
have a great success取得很大成功
have a small accident出了小事故
have a headache(a flu,cold)得頭疼�。鞲�，感冒）
have a baby生孩子
have one’s advice聽從某人的建議
have a telegram收到一封電報
have an answer有了答案
(3)make+名詞（相當(dāng)于名詞的動詞含義）
e.g.The police made an examination in her room.
警察檢查了她的房間。
The teacher made a clear explanation.
老師清楚地作了解釋。
We made a comparison of the two articles.
我們把這兩篇文章作了比較。
make an attempt=attempt
make a suggest=suggest
還有make a visit參觀，make a long stay住了很長時間，make another start又重新開始了，make preparations作準(zhǔn)備，make arrangements作安排，make decisions作決定，make a choice作選擇，make a map畫一張地圖，make tea沏茶，make an expression留下印象
（4）take+名詞（相當(dāng)于名詞相應(yīng)的動詞）
e.g.He took a look at(=look at) this book.
他看了一下這本書。
I want to take a nap(=nap).
我想午休一會兒。
這類詞組還有：
take a bath 洗澡
take a walk散步
take exercise進(jìn)行鍛煉
take an action采取行動
take an examination進(jìn)行考試，進(jìn)行檢查
take a trip旅行
take a vacation度假
相當(dāng)于“吃，喝，吸（入）”，如：
take the food,take pills,take medicine,take tea (coffee),take a glass of beer,take sugar,take a breath of fresh air,還有：take a taxi(bus,train…)坐出租車（公共汽車，火車……）
take a room要一個房間，租用一個房間
take one’s advice接受……的建議
take a job承擔(dān)一項工作
take one’s degree接受……學(xué)位
take chemistry選學(xué)化學(xué)
2.with的一種用法
with之后可以加一個抽象名詞，構(gòu)成名詞短語，作用相當(dāng)于這一名詞相對應(yīng)的副詞。
e.g.He looked at her with respect(=respectfully).
他恭敬地看著她。
She told Tom the story with a smile(=smilingly).
她微笑著給湯姆講了個故事。
He accepted the invitation with pleasure(=pleasurably).
他愉快地接受了邀請。
這類詞組常見的還有：
with calmness=calmly冷靜地
with curiosity=curiously好奇地
with surprise=surprisingly驚奇地
with ease=easily輕易地
with difficulty 艱難地
with amazement驚奇地
with sympathy同情地
with disapproval不滿地
with fear害怕地
with delight (joy)高興地
with envy妒忌地
with anger生氣地
with efficiency有效地
with one accord voice異口同聲地
with tears in one’s eyes含淚地
in+名詞也可以這樣用。例如：
“How did you come here?”He asked in surprise(=surprisingly).
“你是怎么到這兒的？”他驚奇地問。
Jack shut his eyes in fear(fearfully).
杰克害怕得閉上了眼睛。
His sister stared at him in amazement(=amazingly).
他的妹妹驚奇地看著他。
He came home in high cheerfulness(=cheerfully).
他興高采烈地回了家。
常見的這類詞組還有：
in terror害怕地
in astonishment驚奇地
in anxiety焦急地
in amazement驚奇地
in confusion大惑不解地
in alarm驚慌地
in curiosity好奇地
in great happiness非常愉快地
in a hurry急忙地
in a low voice低聲地
in hatred and despair滿懷仇恨和絕望地
in earnest 認(rèn)真地
Ⅲ.同義詞語辨析
1.murder,kill,massacre
(1)murder是“謀殺，殺害”的意思。英語意思是to kill unlawfully,especially on purpose。
e.g.The bandits murdered the man for his money.
歹徒為了謀取他的錢而殺害了他。
Every two hours someone was murdered.
每兩個小時就有一人被謀殺。
(2)kill用于因兇器或在非常事故中死亡的場合。英語的意思是cause to die。
e.g.His father was killed in a railway accident.
他父親在一次火車事故中身亡。
Only a few people were killed in the earthquake.
地震中只有少數(shù)人死亡。
He killed him with a spear.
他用矛刺死了他。
kill還可作“使……難受之極，使……極其尷尬，使失去，消磨（時間）”解。
e.g.My back killed me.
我的背非常難受。
It killed him to admit he is wrong.
承認(rèn)他錯了使他感到極為尷尬。
The joy killed the audience.
這個玩笑讓觀眾笑得要死。
The train was late,so we killed time by playing cards.
火車晚點了，我們就打牌消磨時間。
（3）massacre“大屠殺”，英語意思是to kill a number of people without mercy。
e.g.When the soldiers captured the town,they massacred all the inhabitants.
當(dāng)敵兵占領(lǐng)這座城市后，他們屠殺了城里的所有居民。
另外，表示“為……而獻(xiàn)出生命”的同義詞組有：
devote one’s life to…
dedicate one’s life to…
give one’s life for…
lay down one’s life for…
lose one’s life for…
另外還有一些詞組可以用來表示“死”，但此用法較委婉：
(sb.)pass away;one’s heart stop beating forever;
(sb.)sleep peacefully;those who have fallen;
(sth.)cost sb. his life;sb.is dead and gone;
(sb.)be in heaven for some time
2.ask for,require,demand
(1)ask for指要求得到具體的物質(zhì)的東西，普通用詞。也可用ask sb.to do sth.表示“要求某人做某事”，語氣較客氣。
e.g.He asked for some money.
他讓了一些錢。
He asked his mother to wake him at six in the morning.
他讓他母親早上六點叫醒他。
I asked that I (should be) was allowed to see her.
我請求允許我看望她。
(2)require“要求，有必要”,語氣不如demand強(qiáng)，一般強(qiáng)調(diào)從需要、規(guī)章、慣例出發(fā)，要求別人做某事，含有客觀上必要的，缺此不可的性質(zhì)。
e.g.He has done all that was required of him.
凡需要他做的他都做了。
How many days will be required to finish this work?
完成這項工作需要多少天？
(3)demand“要求，需要”,指堅持要得到某物或堅持要做某事，用于人時，通常表示提出要求的一方認(rèn)為他們有權(quán)這樣做，語氣較強(qiáng)烈，有時帶有強(qiáng)制的意味；用于物時，指一般的“需要”，這時可和require,want,need等詞互換。
e.g.The Iraqi people demanded that the USA soldiers should get out of Iraq.
伊拉克人要求美國兵從伊拉克撤退。
All his life he believed that it was right and necessary to demand changes in society if people did not have their civil rights.
整個一生他都認(rèn)為如果人民沒有權(quán)利的話，要求社會變革是正確的，而且是必要的。
The work demands(=requires,wants,needs,etc,) great skill.
這個工作需要熟練的技巧。
Ⅳ.能力訓(xùn)練
1.同義句轉(zhuǎn)換
他們把黑人作為奴隸對待。
（1）They ______ blacks as slaves.
（2）They ______ blacks as slaves.
（3）They ______ blacks as slaves.
（4）They ______ blacks as slaves.
（5）They ______ ______blacks as slaves.
（6）They ______ blacks as slaves.
（7）They ______ blacks ______ ______ slaves.
答案：(1)treated (2)took (3)regarded (4)had (5)looked on (6)considered
(7)considered;to be
二十加十等于三十。
(1)Twenty and (plus) ten ______thirty.
(2)Twenty and (plus) ten ______ ______ ______ thirty.
(3)Twenty and (plus) ten ______thirty.
(4)Twenty and (plus) ten ______thirty.
答案：(1)equal/equals (2)are/is equal to (3)are/is (4)make/makes
經(jīng)理進(jìn)來時他恭恭敬敬地站在那里。
(1)He stood there ______ when the manager came in.
(2)He stood there ______ ______ when the manager came in.
答案：(1)respectfully (2)with respect
這個學(xué)生在認(rèn)真地做作業(yè)。
(1)The student was doing his homework ______.
(2)The student was doing his homework ______ ______.
答案：(1)earnestly (2)in earnest
2.用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空
(1)相對論使得愛因斯坦在全世界出名了。
Theory of relativity ______ Einstein ______ all over the world.
答案：made;famous
(2)金為美國黑人的政治權(quán)利而奮斗。
King fought for ______ ______ for blacks in the USA.
答案：political rights
(3)金相信他能通過和平行動而不是暴力來達(dá)到他們的目標(biāo)。
King believed that he could ______ his ______ by ______ ______,not by ______.
答案：achieve;goal;peaceful action;violence
(4)她后來被警察逮捕了。
Later she was ______ by the police.
答案：arrested
(5)在這個國家經(jīng)常舉行反對種族歧視的非暴力的示威游行。
In this country,there are many ______ ______ ______ ______ ______.
答案：nonviolent demonstrations against racial discrimination
(6)他的講話鼓舞不同種族的人民為平等權(quán)利而斗爭。
His speech ______ people of all races to fight for ______.
答案：inspired;equality
Ⅴ.高考真題
1.(2004北京卷)The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics______by 2006.
A.has been completed
B.has completed
C.will have been completed
D.will have completed
簡析：選C。本句意思是：“北京市市長說所有北京奧運會的建設(shè)工作將在2006年前完工�！薄皐ork”和“complete”是被動關(guān)系，句子應(yīng)用將來完成時態(tài)，所以選C。
2.(2004上海卷)The flu is believed ______ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A.causing
B.being caused
C.to be caused
D.to have caused
簡析：選C。全句的意思是：“人們認(rèn)為感冒是由病毒引起的，這種病毒喜歡在人的鼻子和喉嚨中繁殖�！薄案忻啊焙汀耙稹敝g為被動關(guān)系。這里敘述一般情況，應(yīng)選C。B為“正在引起”，D為“已經(jīng)引起”。
3.(2004上海卷)The disc,digitally ______ in the studio,sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A.recorded
B.recording
C.to be recorded
D.having recorded
簡析：選A。disc和record之間是被動關(guān)系，作定語時，不定式表示未來動作，及物動詞的過去分詞表示完成了的被動動作，故這里應(yīng)選A。
4.（2004上海卷）
The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ______ to eat more fruit and vegetables.
A.persuade
B.will persuade
C.be persuaded
D.are persuaded
簡析：選D。本句意為：“如果人們能被說明多吃些水果和蔬菜的話，死于心臟病的人數(shù)就會大大減少了。”“people”和“persuade”是被動關(guān)系，在if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來，故選D。