1. Bees fly in circles to inform their partners about food or danger.

inform sb. of sth. The teacher informed me of the latest news.

keep …informed I kept him informed about the news.

be well informed (about sth.)

well-informed adj.

information n.

2.Throughout history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain.

throughout --- all through, all over

Throughout the exam, he sat there without writing a single word.

He spent all his spare time in libraries or laboratories throughout the years in university.

3. be made up of由……組成（主動為make up)

Every class in our school is made up of fifty-five students.

Fifty-five students make up every class in our school.

Ten different stories make up this book.

This book is made up of ten different stories.

注：make up還可表“編造”、“彌補”、“化裝”等意。

Children always make themselves up like ghosts on Halloween.

It took her more than an hour to make herself up.

He couldn’t explain why he was late and finally made up a story that he had lost his key to his bike.

He had to work hard to make up the lessons that he missed when he was ill.

注：be made of; be made from的意思差別

be made of 由……制成（看得清材料）

be made from 由……制成（看不清材料）

4 It is certain that we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today.

It’s certain that …肯定（一定）(在此句型中不可用sure）

It’s certain that he will come tomorrow.

àHe is sure /certain to come tomorrow.

注：be certain/ sure of/ about對…有把握

He is not certain/ sure of grammar in English learning.

5.The language consisted of an Anglo-Saxon base plus words from the languages …Consist of/ be made up of由……構成;包含

The research team consists of two Chinese experts and two American experts.

The apartment consisted of two rooms and a kitchen.

Plus: 加，加上（介詞）＝added to

Two plus five is seven.

6. Many factors contributed to the development of this new type of English.

Contribute to

It was believed that smoking had contributed to his early death.

The human activities in this area may contribute to the environmental problems here.

捐(款);捐獻,捐助 (donate to)

He contributed half of his savings to the Red Cross.

Many people are willing to contribute their money to Project Hope.

7.In 1066, the Normans conquered England and took control of the country.

Take control of控制;

lose control of失去控制

under control在控制之下;

out of control失去控制

The English conquered America and took control of it.

The fire lasted half an hour before it was brought under control.

He lost control of the car.

Because of the war, the country went out of control.

8.replace代替 （＝take the place)

Electric lights have replaced candles. 電燈已經取代了蠟燭。More new machines will be fixed up to replace the old ones.

Now people have replaced coal with gas.現在人們已用煤氣替換了煤。

9. Despite the fact, French still had an impact on the English language.

Despite不管，不顧（介詞）＝in spite of

Despite what he says, I’ll make up my mind to buy the house.

Despite her illness, she went on working in the fields.

Despite the bad weather, they started as planned.

Despite the fact that she worked with many people, she still feel frightened.

10. have an impact on= have influence on對… 有影響

What kind of impact did his words have on you at that moment?

His ideas had a great impact on the research afterwards.

Those TV programmes had an impact on his English studies. 這些電視節目對他的英語學習很有影響。

11. This resulted in even more pairs of similar words.

result in=lead to/cause導致

His carelessness resulted in the loss of the game.

Hard work results in success.

比較：result from由于…而產生;作為….的結果

Sickness often results from eating too much.

His failure resulted largely from his laziness.

他的失敗主要是懶惰所致。注：as a result of 由于…的結果

We had to stay at home as a result of the heavy rain.

=It rained heavily. As a result we had to stay at home.

12. At this point, many English people worked as servants who raised animals.

Raise =bring up

Jack was raised by his aunt when he was a child.

How did you manage to raise such a big family on such small income?

引申：

Raise your right hand if you can answer my question.

In order to make everyone hear him clearly, he raised his voice.

They are going to raise money for the school buildings.他們將為蓋校舍籌集資金

13. English was adopted by all classes in England.

adopt采用，采取＝take and use

European dress has been adopted by people in many parts of the world.

Finally they adopted the suggestion.

14. Pronunciation also underwent huge changes during this period.

Undergo:經歷; 遭受=experience; pass through

The explorers had to undergo much suffering.

She has undergone a long process of hard training.

Jane is a person to be depended upon.

--- Are you going?

--- It all depends.

=It/ That / depends.,